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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for driving while intoxicated
34 results foundAuthor: Zwicker, T.J. Title: West Virginia's Impaired Driving High-Visibility Enforcement Campaign, 2003-2005 Summary: In 2002, West Virginia became a Strategic Evaluation State for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration’s Impaired Driving High-Visibility Enforcement campaign. The State implemented NHTSA’s model publicity and enforcement program in targeted counties to reduce impaired driving and alcohol-related fatalities. The State spent nearly $3.4 million on the campaign from 2003 through 2005, or an average of about 62 cents per resident each year. The campaign began during the July 4th holiday period in 2003 and was sustained for the next 27 months, running through September 2005. Statewide DMV surveys in targeted counties indicated that drivers reported significantly more often after the campaign that they had heard about impaired driving in West Virginia and had been through a sobriety checkpoint. Roadside surveys of driver blood alcohol concentrations (BAC) indicated a significant decrease in the proportion of drivers with a positive BAC at the end of the campaign compared to the same period the previous year. In addition, autoregressive integrated moving average analysis performed on the alcohol-related fatality trend for the targeted counties indicated a significant decrease by an estimated 1 fewer fatality each month. The total fatalities saved in the targeted counties totaled about 18 in the year and a half of data available following the July 2003 start of the campaign. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2007. 66p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 19, 2010 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/WVAImpairedDrivingLow.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/WVAImpairedDrivingLow.pdf Shelf Number: 119636 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingImpaired Driving CountermeasuresMedia CampaignsPublicity CampaignsSobriety Checkpoints |
Author: Vanlaar, Ward Title: Understanding Behavioural Patterns of Interlocked Offenders to Inform the Efficient and Effective Implementation of Interlock Programs: How Offenders on an Interlock Learn to Comply Summary: In a growing number of jurisdictions around the world an increased demand for the use of alcohol interlocks is evident. In order to inform decision-making regarding the use of interlocks in programs it is crucial that program administrators and practitioners understand behavioural patterns of offenders on an interlock. Insight into compliance rates of interlocked offenders throughout their time on the interlock can guide administrators with regard to program development and implementation, particularly in relation to logistical aspects of programs and the requisite resources to support it. The objectives of this study are to shed light on the behavioural patterns of offenders on an interlock, specifically with respect to their compliance with device requirements and program rules and to illustrate how such knowledge can be used to inform the implementation and delivery of interlock programs. This study was conducted for the Dutch Ministry of Transport to provide empirical information needed to inform the implementation of the Dutch interlock program. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2010. 20p. Source: Internet Resource: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/How_Offenders_Learn_to_Comply_4.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/How_Offenders_Learn_to_Comply_4.pdf Shelf Number: 120076 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock DevicesDrinking and Traffic AccidentsDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Beirness, Douglas J. Title: An Investigation of the Usefulness, the Acceptability and Impact on Lifestyle of Alcohol Ignition Interlocks in Drink-Driving Offenders Summary: Significant inroads have been made in the past two decades in the fight against drink driving. Many types of countermeasures have been developed and implemented. Despite the dramatic reduction in drink driving and the dramatic change in societal attitudes related to this behaviour, drink driving is still a significant cause of accidents and casualties. One of the relatively recent countermeasures is the alcohol ignition interlock, a technological solution that prevents engine operation if a sample containing alcohol above a set level is provided by the driver. This research project reviewed existing interlock programmes and examined the practical issues that arise from setting up and operating a programme that involved the use of this technology by convicted drink drivers. The report describes the technology, the existing interlock programmes and their effectiveness in reducing drink driving, and reports on the results of a longitudinal experimental research study carried out in the UK. Details: London: Department for Transport, 2008. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 19, 2011 at: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme3/investigation.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/roadsafety/research/rsrr/theme3/investigation.pdf Shelf Number: 121400 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock DevicesDriving Under the Influence (U.K.)Driving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Taylor, Emily Title: Michigan DUI Courts Outcome Evaluation: Final Report Summary: In the past 18 years, one of the most dramatic developments in the movement to reduce substance abuse among the U.S. criminal justice population has been the implementation of drug courts across the country. The first drug court was established in Florida in 1989. There are now well over 1,500 drug courts operating in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and Guam. The purpose of drug courts is to guide offenders identified as drug-addicted into treatment that reduces drug dependence and improves the quality of life for offenders and their families. In the typical drug court program, participants are closely supervised by a judge who is supported by a team of agency representatives that operate outside of their traditional adversarial roles. Addiction treatment providers, prosecuting attorneys, public defenders, law enforcement officers, and parole and probation officers work together to provide needed services to drug court participants. The Michigan Community Corrections Act was enacted in 1988 to investigate and develop alternatives to incarceration. Four years later, in June 1992, the first female drug treatment court in the nation was established in Kalamazoo, Michigan. Since then, Michigan has implemented 75 drug courts, including expanding into further specialized courts (also called “problem solving courts”) for adults, juveniles, family dependency, and DUI offenders. In FY2004, 12 courts in Michigan identified as DUI courts. Of these, 10 were operational and 2 courts were in the early planning phase. SCAO assisted in funding 9 of these courts. At the time this study was proposed, comprehensive outcome evaluation with comparison groups and longitudinal analyses had not been conducted for Michigan DUI courts. Consequently, little was known about the relative effectiveness of these courts in reducing drunk driving or the characteristics that affect client outcomes. SCAO proposed to conduct an outcome evaluation of DUI courts. The evaluation was designed as a longitudinal study that included tracking and collecting data on DUI court participants for a minimum of one year following either program completion or termination from DUI Court and a comparison group of offenders who were eligible for DUI court in the year prior to DUI court implementation. Data were abstracted from several sources including site visits, the Criminal History Records (CHR) database maintained by the Michigan State Police and the Michigan Judicial Warehouse (JDW). All of these data were entered into a database created in Microsoft Access. In 2007, SCAO contracted with NPC Research to perform the data analysis and report writing for three of the DUI courts that participated in this study, Ottawa and Bay County and Clarkston DUI courts. The evaluation was guided by five research questions which were answered by a careful analysis of the data by NPC Research. These questions were: 1. What is the impact of participation in a DUI court on recidivism (re-arrests) compared to traditional court processing? 2. Does participation in DUI court reduce levels of alcohol and other substance abuse? 3. How successful is the program in bringing program participants to completion and graduation within the expected time frame? 4. What participant characteristics predict successful outcomes (program completion, decreased recidivism)? 5. How does the use of resources differ between DUI treatment court versus traditional probation? Details: Lansing, MI: Michigan Supreme Court; Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2008. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 15, 2011 at: http://council.legislature.mi.gov/files/sdtcac/mi_dui_outcome_eval_final_report_0308.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://council.legislature.mi.gov/files/sdtcac/mi_dui_outcome_eval_final_report_0308.pdf Shelf Number: 122371 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrug CourtsDrunk Driving CourtsProblem-Solving Courts (Michigan)Recidivism |
Author: Ramirez, Rebecca Title: A Campaign to Reduce Impaired Driving Through Retail-Oriented Enforcement in Washington State Summary: The Washington State Liquor Control Board (WSLCB) launched its DUI Reduction Program in 2002 with the immediate goal of reducing sales to intoxicated people through enforcement directed at bars and restaurants. The program targets those establishments that produce high levels of DUI arrests. The ultimate and long-term program goal is to reduce DUI arrests and alcohol-related traffic crashes. The DUI Reduction Program showed great promise, with anecdotal reports suggesting that it reduced sales to intoxicated people at the targeted retail establishments. To assess the impact of the program, WSLCB joined with the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation to conduct the Washington Enforcement and DUI Reduction demonstration project with funding from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. The demonstration project was designed to assess the feasibility of implementing the DUI reduction program in a more standardized manner and of assessing the effects of the program on three outcome measures: retailer willingness to sell alcohol to apparently intoxicated people, blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels of drivers arrested for DUI, and DUI arrestees naming establishments exposed to the program as their place of last drink. The results of this demonstration project are mixed. The evaluation detected no change in retail practices; however, it did produce two promising findings: reductions in the average number of monthly DUI arrests in intervention sites and reductions in average BAC levels among DUI arrestees. Several factors limit the potency of findings: small sample size, variation in the protocol for the delivery of education material, retailers’ level of exposure to responsible beverage server training, possible erosion of effects, and the level of enforcement activity in comparison sites. The evaluation suggests that a stronger intervention involving enforcement of sales to intoxicated persons laws and related educational outreach may produce all desired results but that further evaluations will be needed. This report concludes with suggestions for how future tests of similar interventions could be improved. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2008. 16p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 24, 2011 at: http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810913.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: http://www.nhtsa.gov/DOT/NHTSA/Traffic%20Injury%20Control/Articles/Associated%20Files/810913.pdf Shelf Number: 122484 Keywords: Alcohol SalesDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving (Washington State) |
Author: DeMichele, Matthew Title: Predicting Repeat DWI: Chronic Offending, Risk Assessment, and Community Supervision Summary: Between 1981 and 2008, nearly 550,000 individuals were killed in alcohol-related traffic accidents. To put this in perspective, the state of Wyoming has approximately 540,000 residents. Several major U.S. cities, such as Tuscon, Az., Atlanta, Ga; Kansas City, Mo., and Long Beach, Calif., are home to fewer residents. While such a high number of alcohol-related traffic fatalities is staggering, there is reason to believe the policy changes emphasizing different practices to control drunk driving have, in fact, reduced the number of drunk driving deaths. Consider that between 1982 and 1988, 171,681 alcohol-related traffic fatalities occurred. In comparison, between 2002 and 2008, 113,403 alcohol-related traffic fatalities occurred – a reduction of 33.9 percent. In comparing year by year reductions, the number of drunk driving fatalities decreased by nearly 50 percent when comparing the number of fatalities in 1982 (26,173) to the number of fatalities in 2008 (13,846). The reduction in the number of alcohol-related traffic deaths can be attributed to a number of different factors, most of which center around changes in policies and practices related to the legislative control of drunk driving. In particular, increases in the minimum drinking age, lowered illegal thresholds for blood alcohol concentrations (BAC), increased use of monetary sanctions such as fines, increased use of incarceration for drunk drivers, more focused use of substance abuse treatment, expanded use of electronic monitoring, and stricter community-based supervision practices carried out by probation and parole officers have played a role in reducing the number of drunk driving deaths. Despite the reduction in the number of drunk driving deaths, additional changes in policies and practices are needed in order to further reduce the extent of drunk driving. Using principles of evidence-based practices, in this project the American Probation and Parole Association conducted a risk assessment study to develop a pilot risk assessment instrument that can be used to identify convicted offenders who are at an increased risk for future drunk driving. This process entailed reviewing prior research on drunk driving, addressing the way that criminological theory explains drunk driving, developing a methodology to study drunk driving, conducting a study on a sample of 3,884 convicted drunk drivers, statistically analyzing factors that seemed to predict levels of repeat drunk driving, and developing a pilot instrument from these findings. Six assumptions have guided this process: Risk for drunk driving can be predicted. Efforts to predict risk should be guided by research and evidence-based practices. Policies and practices developed from risk assessment research will further reduce the extent of future drunk driving. Predicting risk will not eliminate drunk driving completely, but it will help to reduce it. Community-based corrections professionals are in a prime position to reduce drunk driving. Policy makers will continue to play an important role in controlling drunk driving. The next stage of this project will entail the application of the risk assessment instrument to a sample of drunk-driving offenders convicted in various states. By identifying which offenders are most at risk for future drunk driving, policy makers and criminal justice officials will be in a position to develop control strategies that target those offenders most at risk for re-offending. This will make our highways safer and reduce the number of alcohol-related accidents. Details: Lexington, KY: American Probation and Parole Association, 2012. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 27, 2012 at: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/APPA/PRDWI-DRAFT.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.appa-net.org/eweb/docs/APPA/PRDWI-DRAFT.pdf Shelf Number: 125416 Keywords: Alcohol AbuseAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving (U.S.)Risk Assessment |
Author: Kierkus, Christopher A. Title: Michigan DWI-Sobriety Court Ignition Interlock Evaluation Summary: This report was commissioned by the Michigan Association of Drug Court Professionals (MADCP), and was produced pursuant to Michigan Public Act 154 of 2010, in cooperation with the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Its purpose is to provide the legislature, the Secretary of State, and the Michigan Supreme Court documentation related to the program participant’s compliance with court ordered conditions. This 2012 report provides the reader with a description of the data, implementation issues, innovative practices, obstacles, lessons learned, and results from the first year of the DWI/sobriety court interlock pilot project that began in 2011. This document is the first of three annual reports. Subsequent reports (2013 and 2014) will provide additional qualitative and statistical analyses related to the implementation and outcomes of PA 154. This study was guided by the following research questions set forth in the PA154 legislation: a) The percentage of program participants ordered to place interlock devices on their vehicles who actually comply with the order; b) The percentage of program participants who remove court-ordered interlocks from their vehicle without court approval; c) The percentage of program participants who consume alcohol or controlled substances; d) The percentages of program participants found to have tampered with court-ordered interlocks; e) The percentage of program participants who operated a motor vehicle not equipped with an interlock; f) Relevant treatment information about program, participants; and, g) The percentage of program participants convicted of a new offense under section 625(1) or (3) of the Michigan vehicle code, 1949 PA 300, MCL, 257.625. The target population for this study included offenders (N=84) that met the eligibility requirements for entry into a DWI/sobriety court program, based on PA 154 criteria. Participating courts submitted offender data into the Michigan Judicial Data Warehouse/ Drug Court Case Management Information System (DCCMIS). The SCAO staff then provided the researchers with an identity stripped dataset that included information related to the each offender’s demographics, criminal history, history of drug abuse, alcohol abuse, mental health issues, progress through DWI/sobriety court, compliance with interlock restriction, and information on re-offending. In addition to the official data from the SCAO, site visits were conducted with each participating court where Stakeholders (court administrators, judges, probation officers, etc.) involved the DWI/sobriety Court and ignition interlock program were given the opportunity to informally share their impressions of the initial implementation and administration of the pilot program. This report is directed toward legislators, court administrators, and other criminal justice practitioners who are interested in the use of ignition interlock devices as a means of controlling and reducing drunk driving recidivism in the state of Michigan. Section 1 of this report provides the reader with information regarding the nature and extent of drunk driving, traditional prevention practices, an overview of ignition interlock technologies, and criminological theories that support the use of interlocks in controlling drunk drivers. Following this review, Sections 2 and 3 provide the methods used, and the findings from the first year of the ignition interlock pilot program. Section 4 provides conclusions, and a summary of lessons learned during the first year of the project. Details: Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office, 2012. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 16, 2013 at: http://www.dwicourts.org/sites/default/files/ncdc/INTERLOCK%20EVLAUTION%20REPORT%202012%20(Distribution%20Version).pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.dwicourts.org/sites/default/files/ncdc/INTERLOCK%20EVLAUTION%20REPORT%202012%20(Distribution%20Version).pdf Shelf Number: 127646 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices (Michigan)Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: South Dakota. Unified Judicial System Title: Drug Court Study Summary: In 2009, the South Dakota Legislature passed SB78, which required the Unified Judicial System (UJS) to provide a plan to “determin[e] the need for an additional drug court or drug courts to be established in judicial circuits with the highest volume of felony convictions” and for such findings to “be presented to the 2010 Legislature for possible implementation in fiscal year 2011”. The stated goal of this plan was to present proposals to reduce the prison population without jeopardizing the public safety. To effectuate this plan, the following study was conducted to analyze the need and interest of alternative sentencing options and make appropriate initial recommendations. Ultimately, by utilizing alternative sentencing programs, the final objective is to address the underlying problem of addiction, subsequently reducing recidivism and substance abuse related crime. An overall examination of literature relative to the subject was conducted and is included within this report. Overview information and statistical data specific to each of the three programs currently in place in South Dakota was examined and detailed. For expansion evaluation purposes, in order to determine the highest areas of need in the state, the ten counties with the highest numbers of felony drug and DUI charges for FY 08 were selected for consideration. The ten counties were: Beadle, Brookings, Brown, Brule/Buffalo, Codington, Davison, Lincoln, Pennington, Union, and Yankton. At their request, Walworth County’s DUI convictions were also examined for purposes of this report. All Fourth and Sixth Circuit counties and Minnehaha County were excluded from the study because these areas currently have drug/DUI alternative sentencing programs in place. Upon completion of the study, conclusions were drawn and the following recommendations were made: 1) Continued state allocation of general funds to support the Northern Hills Drug Court Program in the Fourth Circuit; future allocation of state general funds to support the Sixth Circuit STOP DUI Program, and continued state allocation of general funds to support the Adult Intensive Court Services Officer position for the Meth Sentencing Alternative Program in the Second Circuit. 2) Based upon this study’s conclusions, Pennington County, Brown, Yankton, and Davison Counties are identified as showing the greatest need and feasibility for establishing some form of sentencing alternative program. Therefore, these four counties should be pursued as possible candidates for expansion areas. 3) Further study is necessary and appropriate to identify alternative sentencing program specifications in the previously named counties. It is imperative to have a strong foundation and plan in place prior to implementation of any type of alternative sentencing program. The Unified Judicial System should conduct a Symposium to convene pertinent stakeholders from current programs and possible expansion areas to further determine feasibility and program specifics based upon jurisdictional need. From this additional study, specific recommendations regarding possible expansion of alternative sentencing programs, including funding needs, can be presented to the 2011 Legislative session. Details: Pierre, SD: South Dakota Unified Judicial System, 2009. 123p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 21, 2013 at: http://www.sdjudicial.com/Uploads/PublicDocuments/Final_2009_Drug_Court_Study_Reprinted_08_2010.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://www.sdjudicial.com/Uploads/PublicDocuments/Final_2009_Drug_Court_Study_Reprinted_08_2010.pdf Shelf Number: 127687 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrug Coruts (South Dakota)Drug OffendersProblem-Solving CourtsRecidivism |
Author: Robertson, Robyn D. Title: Alcohol Interlock Programs: Data Management System Implementation Summary: In December 2010, a two-day workshop was organized in Toronto to bring together program administrators and vendors to discuss the issues of vendor oversight and automated data management systems. Representatives from four interlock vendors (ACS, Draeger, Lifesafer, and Smart Start) were in attendance along with program administrators from Colorado, Illinois, Minnesota, Oklahoma, Texas, and South Carolina. The focus of discussions included state and vendor experiences with data management and reporting, core steps to develop a data management system, and essential elements of a data management system. This report, along with a companion piece entitled Alcohol Interlock Programs: Vendor Oversight (released in 2011) was borne out of those discussions. This document provides an overview of some important issues to consider when transitioning from a paperbased system to an automated system. It is structured in four key sections: 1. Plan development; 2. System components; 3. Essential system requirements; 4. Vendor interactions. An automated data management system implementation checklist for agencies is also included in Appendix C. Details: Ottawa, ONT:Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2013. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 8, 2013 at: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/NHTSA_Tech_Assistance_DataManagement_9.pdf Year: 2013 Country: International URL: http://www.tirf.ca/publications/PDF_publications/NHTSA_Tech_Assistance_DataManagement_9.pdf Shelf Number: 129269 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock Devices (Canada, U.S.)Alcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Willis, Charlene Title: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Programmes for Reducing Drink Driving Recidivism (Review) Summary: Convicted drink drivers are sometimes offered the choice of a standard punishment, or for an alcohol ignition interlock to be fitted to their car for a fixed period. To operate a vehicle equipped with an interlock, the driver must first give a breath specimen. If the breath alcohol concentration of the specimen is too high, the vehicle will not start. A number of studies have been conducted to see whether the interlock stops drink drivers from offending again. Most of these studies have not been of high quality. The interlock seems to reduce re-offending as long as it is still fitted to the vehicle, but there is no long-term benefit after it has been removed. However, more studies of good quality are needed to confirm these findings. The low percentage of offenders who choose to have an interlock fitted also makes it difficult to reach firm conclusions about their effectiveness. Details: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009, Issue 1. 29p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 29, 2014 at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004168.pub2/pdf Year: 2009 Country: International URL: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD004168.pub2/pdf Shelf Number: 131974 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramRecidivism |
Author: Fieldler, Katherine Title: Case Studies of Ignition Interlock Programs Summary: Under a contract with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), Acclaro Research Solutions, Inc. prepared this program guide of case studies. The guide profiles the work of six States and their use of ignition interlocks as part of an overall strategy to combat alcohol-impaired driving. This guide is the result of a multi-phased effort involving a scan of relevant literature, informal discussions with interlock experts and program administrators, a case study selection process, and site visits to each selected program. The six States profiled in this document are Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New Mexico, New York, and Oklahoma. Each State demonstrates unique approaches and innovations in the use of interlocks. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2012. 172p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2014 at: www.nhtsa.gov/ Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: www.nhtsa.gov/ Shelf Number: 131981 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: McKnight, A. Scott Title: Transdermal Alcohol Monitoring: Case Studies Summary: Judges, probation officers, and parole officers sometimes require impaired-driving offenders and other offenders to abstain from alcohol and other drugs. Consequently, they need a way to determine whether offenders are complying with that requirement. This report describes the experiences of six jurisdictions using continuous transdermal alcohol monitoring - a technology that can detect the use of alcohol by offenders and report it to authorities. There are three basic ways to prevent alcohol-impaired driving by known offenders: (a) prevent driving; (b) prevent driving after drinking; and (c) prevent drinking. Preventing offenders from drinking can potentially protect the public against alcohol-impaired-driving crashes and reduce other alcohol-related problems, such as domestic violence, nontraffic injury, and alcohol addiction. Judges frequently make abstinence a requirement of an offenders' sentence for a repeat driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) violation and sometimes make it a formal probation requirement. Unless enforced by a monitoring program, however, such a requirement may not have the desired effect. The Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitoring (SCRAM) device produced by Alcohol Monitoring Systems (AMS) and the Transdermal Alcohol Detection (TAD) system developed by BI Incorporated (BI) are two transdermal alcohol-monitoring devices that are increasingly being used across the country on alcohol-related criminal offenders. Both devices use ankle bracelets that sample perspiration to detect ethanol vapor and can automatically transfer the information stored on the ankle bracelet via modem to a secure Web server. The data is used to generate daily reports of offenders' drinking events, tamper attempts, and other forms of noncompliance with program requirements. The system was designed for security and remote reporting to minimize circumvention and render the data usable by supervising agencies. In the United States, the SCRAM device has been in use longer and has achieved much greater market penetration than the TAD. SCRAM reportedly is being used in 46 States. AMS reports that it works with more than 200 service providers in more than 1,800 courts and agencies around the United States. From a group of 9,100 offenders who were monitored using the SCRAM device from 2004 to 2009, 75 percent were considered compliant (no alcohol use or tampering occurred). BI currently has more than 1,700 TAD units in use at nearly 200 sites. The objectives of this project were to determine how extensively transdermal alcohol-monitoring devices are used and to document examples of strong and innovative programs through case studies that can be used by agencies at the State and local levels considering the use of these devices to monitor offenders. Six programs were selected for case study. Information from these six case studies revealed the following: (a) use of transdermal alcohol monitoring of DWI offenders is increasing; (b) transdermal alcohol monitoring appears to reliably monitor alcohol use by offenders (prior methods had not been as reliable) and thus is beneficial to officials; (c) transdermal-monitoring devices appear not to have any insurmountable problems (cost is an issue, but costs are paid mostly by the offender). Research is needed to carefully study whether transdermal alcohol-monitoring devices reduce drinking and DWI recidivism by offenders. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2012. 136p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 24, 2014 at: www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 132176 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol-Monitoring DevicesDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingDWIRecidivism |
Author: Berning, Amy Title: Results of the 2013-2014 National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers Summary: Over the last four decades, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and/or the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) conducted four national surveys to estimate the prevalence of drinking and driving in the United States (Wolfe, 1974; Lund & Wolfe, 1991; Voas et al, 1998; Compton & Berning, 2009; Lacey et al, 2009). The first National Roadside Survey (NRS) was conducted in 1973, followed by national surveys of drivers in 1986, 1996, 2007, and now 2013-2014. These surveys used a stratified random sample of weekend nighttime drivers in the contiguous 48 States and collected data directly from drivers on the road. The 2007 NRS added procedures to the NRS for the first time to estimate the use by drivers of other potentially impairing drugs. Prior roadside surveys had only collected breath samples to determine breath alcohol concentration (BrAC). Due to developments in analytical toxicology, NHTSA determined it would be feasible in the 2007 and 2013-2014 surveys to determine driver use of a variety of potentially impairing drugs including illegal drugs as well as legal medications. In 2013-2014, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration conducted the most recent National Roadside Survey of Alcohol and Drug Use by Drivers. This voluntary and anonymous study is the second to collect data on drug use, presenting our first opportunity to examine drug use trends on a national scale. The 20132014 NRS was designed to produce national estimates of alcohol and drug use by weekday daytime and weekend nighttime drivers. Thus, the use rates presented below are national prevalence rates calculated from the percentage of drivers using alcohol or drugs and adjusted with an appropriate weighting scheme. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2015. 5p. Source: Internet Resource: (Traffic Safety Facts Research Note. Report No. DOT HS 812 118): Accessed March 9, 2015 at: www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 134767 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence (U.S.)Driving Under the Influence of DrugsDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Goldsmid, Susan Title: Findings from the DUMA program: Drink and drug driving among police detainees Summary: In Australia, random breath testing (RBT) was introduced in the mid-1970s to detect drivers under the influence of alcohol (Baldock & Woolley 2013). This resulted in a reduction in fatal crashes and alcohol-related traffic accidents across Australia (Drummond, Sullivan & Cavallo 1992; Henstridge, Homel & Mackay 1997; Watson & Freeman 2007). The success of RBT can be explained through the classic deterrence doctrine, which suggests that decision-making is influenced by the perception of whether the benefits of the crime outweigh the risks of being caught (Homel 1988). The introduction of RBT arguably increased the perceived and real risk of being caught, which positively influenced individuals' decisions to refrain from driving while intoxicated. Following the successful implementation of RBT, between 2004 (in Victoria) and 2011 (in the Australian Capital Territory), random roadside drug testing (RRDT) was introduced across Australia. The aim of RRDT was to deter drug driving, decreasing both the prevalence of drug driving and the associated harms. In 2013, data from the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) indicated that drug driving and drink driving had been engaged in by more than one in 10 Australians (16% and 12% respectively) surveyed during the previous 12 months (AIHW 2014). Rates of drug driving are even higher in populations where illicit drug use is common, such as among police detainees, where 65 percent of detainees surveyed reported driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs in the previous 12 months (Adams, Smith & Hind 2008). Examining perceptions of risk of drug driving, in terms of both being caught and legitimacy (perceptions of impairment to driving ability), will identify whether the preconditions exist to support drug driving deterrence through RRDT. Details: Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology, 2015. 9p. Source: Internet Resource: Research in Practice, No. 39: Accessed May 20, 2015 at: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip39/rip39.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: http://aic.gov.au/media_library/publications/rip/rip39/rip39.pdf Shelf Number: 135734 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrugs and DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Lowe, Nathan C. Title: Screening for Risk and Needs Using the Impaired Driving Assessment Summary: Drunk driving continues to be a serious public health concern and a threat to public safety in the United States. In recent years, greater efforts have been made to enhance assessment practices for those offenders convicted of DWI in order to increase the identification of predicting which offenders are most likely to continue to drive impaired from those who are less likely to engage in this behavior. Under a cooperative agreement with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the American Probation and Parole Association (APPA) prepared this report on their development of a screening tool, Impaired Driving Assessment (IDA) to identify a DWI offender's risk of engaging in future conduct of impaired driving, and to help determine the most effective community supervision that will reduce such risk. APPA conducted a literature, analyzed assessment responses of DWI offenders, and interviewed experts in the field of impaired driving research and treatment to provide guidelines in selecting the measurement components of the most appropriate instrument. APPA identified several major risk areas of DWI recidivism. An individual's past behavior stood out across multiple risk areas, including prior DWI and non-DWI involvement in the justice system and prior involvement with alcohol and other drugs. In addition, resistance to and non-compliance with current and past involvement in the justice system was identified as a major risk area. These identified areas informed the inclusion of certain items in the IDA. APPA pilot test IDA with DWI probationers in Brown County Adult Probation, Minnesota; Nicollet County Adult Probation, Minnesota; Westchester County Probation Department, New York; and Tarrant County Community Supervision and Corrections Department, Texas. The development of IDA and the pilot test results are shared in this document. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Transportation, National Highway traffic Safety Administration, 2014. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2015 at: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1343067 Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://trid.trb.org/view.aspx?id=1343067 Shelf Number: 136329 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Fisher, Deborah A. Title: Intensive DWI supervision in urban areas - feasibility study Summary: Drivers with prior convictions for driving while impaired (DWI) carry a higher risk of future DWI arrests and crash involvement. In response, communities have developed various strategies to address the drinking-driving problems of DWI offenders by assisting them in making positive behavioral changes to reduce their likelihood of recidivism. One program model developed to monitor offender drinking involves having an offender report twice daily to a law enforcement office for alcohol breath testing at 12-hour intervals. To date, these 24/7 sobriety programs have been used in rural States and communities; however, the program model is being considered for implementation in additional locales. The purpose of this project was to conduct a feasibility study to gather data on whether the 24/7 program model can be applied in urban locales, and if so, what changes might be necessary. In Phase 1 of the study, structured discussions were held with State and local officials in Montana; North Dakota; South Dakota; and Fremont County, Wyoming, to develop a complete description of the history of 24/7 programs in rural areas. In Phase 2, information from Phase 1 was used to conduct discussions with local officials in two urban areas - Washington, DC, and Fairfax County, Virginia - to obtain their impressions about whether and how a 24/7 program could be operated in their jurisdictions. Urban officials reserved judgment about whether such a program would affect offender drinking, impaired driving, and crashes, though most believed it would help identify those who are alcohol-dependent and assist in connecting them with needed resources. Despite potential benefits, officials were generally cautious but somewhat open to the prospects regarding program feasibility. This tempered reaction was a function of concerns about practical issues of implementation and broader concerns about the value of and need for twice-daily testing programs in urban locations. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2013. 73p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 5, 2015 at: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/169903.aspx Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/169903.aspx Shelf Number: 136335 Keywords: Alcohol Law EnforcementBreath TestsDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIntensive Supervision ProbationRecidivism |
Author: Harrison, Paige M. Title: Otter Tail County DWI Court Fergus Falls, MN. Process, Outcomes, and Cost Evaluation Report Summary: WI courts are complex programs designed to deal with some of the most challenging problems that communities face. DWI courts bring together multiple and traditionally adversarial roles plus stakeholders from different systems with different training, proessional language, and approaches. They take on groups of clients that frequently have serious substance abuse treatment needs. Adults with substance abuse issues involved in the criminal justice system must be seen within an ecological context; that is, within the environment that has contributed to their attitudes and behaviors. This environment includes their neighborhoods, families, friends, and formal or informal economies through which they support themselves. The DWI court must understand the various social, economic, mental health and cultural factors that affect their participants. In late 2011, NPC Research was contracted by the State of Minnesota's Department of Public Safety, Office of Traffic Safety (OTS) to conduct an assessment of Minnesota's DWI courts and to determine the work necessary and the feasibility of performing process, outcome, and cost evaluations in these programs. The overall goal of the DWI court project is to have a credible and rigorous evaluation of Minnesota's DWI courts. In June 2012, it was decided to move forward with a full evaluation including a detailed process evaluation and outcome evaluation in all nine of Minnesota's DWI court programs and a cost benefit evaluation in seven of these programs. This is the site-specific report for the Otter Tail County DWI Court (OTC-DWI). The OTC-DWI was implemented in February 2008. This program, designed to take 18 months to complete, takes post-conviction participants, but also allows some participants to enter the pro-gram pre-plea (offenders who know they are pleading guilty and want to start the program before their court hearing). The general program population consists of repeat DWI offenders (with two or more DWI offenses) charged in Otter Tail County with a gross misdemeanor or felony level DWI, who are determined substance dependent. Process Evaluation Summary. The OTC-DWI has been responsive to the community needs and strives to meet the challenges presented by substance-dependant individuals. This program is demonstrating some exemplary practices within each of the 10 Key Components of Drug Courts including good communication between team members, rapid results from drug testing, an appropriate range of services, written incentive and sanctions guidelines, and swift response to participant behaviors. The process evaluation did reveal some recommendations that could further enhance program outcomes that the court was considering or was in the process of implementing in our last discussion. These recommendations included the following: - Flexible hours for the probation officer. The probation officer currently works 24 hours per week on a set schedule of every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. It is strongly recommended that the probation officer position have flexible hours. This would allow for more random drug testing (especially for the female participants) and allow the probation officer to do more home and workplace visits. - Ensure that the home and workplace visits are truly random and ensure appropriate training for the surveillance position. Participants reported that the visits mostly occur in the evening and they are often able to determine when the visit will occur (or were actually told when the next visit would occur). It is recommended that the OTC-DWI develop procedures to ensure that participants are unable to determine the visit schedule. In addition, due to reports of frequent turnover in the surveillance officer position, it is recommended that guidelines be created for this role and training instituted to ensure that all surveillance officers are following appropriate procedures. - Schedule staffing meetings and court sessions for a recurring day and time when all team members are able to attend. Participant feedback and site visit observations indicated that many team members do not regularly attend court sessions. It is strongly recommended that the staffing meeting and court session be held at a time when all team members are able to regularly attend. - Continue efforts toward getting a defense attorney on the team. It was reported that some public defenders support the program and some do not (because they feel their clients do not receive due process and are better served by taking jail time instead of participating in DWI court). The OTC-DWI has made efforts to reach out to and educate the public defenders about DWI court, but due to a severe lack of funding the public defender office does not have time or resources to participate. - Consider sentencing more offenders into the program, specifically felons and high-risk offenders. It was reported that the option of sentencing an offender into the OTC-DWI is rarely used. It is recommended that the program be explained to all judges and that they consider it among their sentencing options. In addition, the OTC-DWI currently has only two felons in the program, and only four felons have been in the program over the past year. It is recommended that the team make an effort to take on more felons in the program since it is the higher risk offenders who most need the services and intensive supervision provided in the OTC-DWI. Outcome Evaluation Summary. The outcome analyses were primarily performed on OTC-DWI participants who entered the DWI court program from January 2009 through December 2011, and a matched comparison group of offenders eligible for DWI court but who received the traditional court process rather than OTC-DWI. Figure A illustrates the average number at 1 year and 2 years after program entry for OTC-DWI graduates, all OTC-DWI participants, and the comparison group. DWI court participants were rearrested about half as often as comparison group members across both years; this difference was statistically significant in Year 1 (p <.05). The results of the outcome analysis for the OTC-DWI are positive. Overall the data showed few-er average arrests among DWI court participants than the comparison group. While most differences were not statistically significant, some of this is attributable to the small sample size. We recommend the program continue to track participants and perhaps conduct another study several years hence. Cost Evaluation Summary. Although the OTC-DWI is a substantial taxpayer investment, over time it results in significant cost savings and a return on its investment. Recommendations. Based on the outcome and cost evaluation, there are some key possibilities for program adjustments that may improve program outcomes. These include: - Ensuring that the program is targeting high-risk/high-need offenders (e.g., felony DWIs) - Decreasing the frequency of court sessions in Phase 2, or seeing some participants who are doing well less often so that the judge can spend at least 3 minutes per participant and also decrease the costs of court appearances. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2014. 120p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2015 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/MN-DWI-Process-Outcome-and-Cost-Report_Otter-Tail-FINAL-FOR-OTS.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/MN-DWI-Process-Outcome-and-Cost-Report_Otter-Tail-FINAL-FOR-OTS.pdf Shelf Number: 137164 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationCost-Benefit AnalysisDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingDrunk Driving CourtsProblem-Solving Courts |
Author: Harrison, Paige M. Title: Borderland Substance Abuse Court, Lake of the Woods County, MN: Process and Outcome Evaluation Report Summary: There are two key policy questions of interest to policymakers about DWI courts. The evaluation of Borderland Substance Abuse Court (BSAC) provided answers to these questions. This study included participants who entered the program between 2008 and 2012, and a matched comparison group of DWI offenders who were eligible but were not referred to the program. Just over half of the participants were assessed as high-need (54%) and two-thirds were assessed as high risk (69%). Participants had an average of 2.4 DWI arrests in the ten years before DWI court entry. DWI Recidivism. Out of 33 DWI court participants, there were only two new DWI arrests in the two years after DWI court entry, an indicator of reduced driving while using alcohol, and increased public safety. Compared to DWI offenders who experienced traditional court processes, the BSAC participants (regardless of whether they graduated from the program): - Had 24% fewer rearrests two years after program entry; - Were 32% less likely to be rearrested for any charges - Had no rearrests for person crimes - Had a longer time to the first rearrest for any charge (20 months versus 18 months) - Had a substantially higher graduation rate than the national average (77% versus 57%) Research indicates that drug and DWI courts should target high-risk/high-need individuals, as lower risk participants require different intervention methods and may not benefit (or may actually be harmed) from the intense supervision provided by the full drug court model (NADCP, 2013). These positive results indicate that the BSAC is targeting the correct population and should continue or increase its focus on high risk individuals. In general, these outcomes provide some evidence that the BSAC is implementing its program with good fidelity to the DWI court model and is having the intended impact on its participants. Details: Portland, OR: NPC Research, 2014. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 28, 2015 at: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/Lake-of-the-Woods-MN-DWI-Process-and-Outcome-Report_FINAL-FOR-OTS.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://npcresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/Lake-of-the-Woods-MN-DWI-Process-and-Outcome-Report_FINAL-FOR-OTS.pdf Shelf Number: 137165 Keywords: Alternatives to IncarcerationDriving While IntoxicatedDrug CourtsDrug OffendersDrugged DrivingProblem-Solving CourtsRecidivism |
Author: Kierkus, Christopher A. Title: Michigan DWI-Sobriety Court Ignition Interlock Evaluation: 2016 report Summary: This report was commissioned by the Michigan Association of Treatment Court Professionals (MATCP) and was produced in cooperation with the State Court Administrative Office (SCAO). Its purpose is to provide the legislature, the Secretary of State, and the Michigan Supreme Court, documentation related to the program participants‟ compliance with court ordered conditions, their progress through the program, and the outcome(s) of being placed on interlock restrictions. This document is the fifth annual report: it provides the reader with an overview of issues pertaining to ignition interlock programs in Michigan, nationally, and internationally. It also summarizes the study design, provides a description of the data, analyzes the operation and effectiveness of the DWI/Sobriety Court interlock program, and discusses innovative practices, obstacles, and lessons learned from the five year study. Details: Lansing, MI: State Court Administrative Office, 2016. 75p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 23, 2016 at: http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/admin/op/problem-solving-courts/Drug/Documents/2016%20Ignition%20Interlock%20Final%20Report%20(2).pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: http://courts.mi.gov/Administration/admin/op/problem-solving-courts/Drug/Documents/2016%20Ignition%20Interlock%20Final%20Report%20(2).pdf Shelf Number: 139798 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition Interlock Devices (Michigan)Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Independent Broad-based Anti-corruption Commission Title: Drink driving detections of Victoria Police officers: Analysis of trends from 2000-2015 Summary: To help ensure the public has confidence in how Victoria Police fulfils its duties including adhering to drink driving laws, the Independent Broad-based Anticorruption Commission (IBAC) examined drink driving detections of Victoria Police officers and disciplinary outcomes over the period 1 July 2000 to 30 June 2015 (the sample period). IBAC's analysis identified the typical sworn Victoria Police officer detected for drink driving is a male senior constable with an average of 15 years' service. Most officers are detected off duty while driving a private vehicle and via a random breath testing (RBT) site, with a reading between 0.050 and 0.099. An officer detected drink driving is likely to keep their job but receive some form of sanction such as a fine, good behaviour bond or counselling. The analysis identified the number of officers detected drink driving over the 15 year period has steadily declined. However, other key findings are of concern including: - the median BAC reading of officers detected drink driving has steadily increased - the proportion of officers detected after a collision has increased - the number of officers dismissed for drink driving has increased. Based on its data analysis, IBAC has made a number of recommendations to Victoria Police to strengthen its efforts to discourage officers from drink driving and to respond appropriately when officers are detected driving over the legal BAC limit. IBAC acknowledges that Victoria Police has done some work in this area, however vigilance is required to ensure police officers consistently model the behaviour expected of all members of the community around alcohol consumption and driving. Details: Melbourne: The Commission, 2016. 40p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 15, 2016 at: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/drink-driving-detections-of-victoria-police-officers-2016.pdf Year: 2016 Country: Australia URL: http://apo.org.au/files/Resource/drink-driving-detections-of-victoria-police-officers-2016.pdf Shelf Number: 146153 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingPolice Misconduct |
Author: Ramirez, Anthony Title: New Mexico's Comprehensive Impaired-Driving Program: Crash Data Analysis Summary: In late 2004, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration provided funds through a Cooperative Agreement to the New Mexico Department of Transportation to demonstrate a process for implementing a comprehensive State impaired-driving system. NHTSA also contracted with the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation to measure the effect of that system on various factors including driving-while-impaired (DWI) crash, injury, and fatality rates; DWI arrest rates; DWI conviction rates; blood alcohol concentration (BAC) rates; and public awareness. New Mexico’s core activities included high-visibility impaired-driving law enforcement operations, increased paid and earned media concerning New Mexico’s law enforcement efforts, and prosecutorial and enforcement training in the five counties with the highest rates of alcohol-involved fatalities. Other components of the comprehensive system include the creation of a Statewide DWI leadership team that provided support and direction to the system and the participation of a Traffic Safety Resource Prosecutor to assist on DWI and other traffic safety laws. The five counties initially participating in the project were Bernalillo, Doña Ana, McKinley, Rio Arriba, and San Juan. Santa Fe County joined that group in 2007. Alcohol-involved (those with BACs of .01 g/dL) fatal crashes decreased by 36.5% in the participating counties during the project period of 2005 to 2009. The rest of the State experienced a 31.6% reduction. Alcohol-impaired (those with a BAC of .08 g/dL or higher) fatal crashes decreased by 35.8% in the participating counties during the same period. The rest of the State experienced a 29% reduction. The decrease in the participating counties was not statistically significantly different from the decrease in the rest of the State. This was likely because there were significant Statewide anti-DWI activities during that period as well. However, overall, New Mexico’s multi-faceted efforts appeared to have benefits for the State. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration., 2014. 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 19, 2016 at: https://www.nhtsa.gov Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: https://www.nhtsa.gov Shelf Number: 147760 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Schneider, Helmut Title: Drugged Driving in Louisiana: Quantification of its Impact on Public Health and Implications for Legislation, Enforcement, and Prosecution Summary: Drugged driving, i.e., driving under the influence of drugs, is considered a rising public health issue in the US and the rest of the world, yet due to under-reporting and limitations of existing data, not much is known about the frequency of drugged driving or how it affects public safety. While the federal government has encouraged states to enact zero-tolerance drugged driving laws, the lack of clarity surrounding the effects of drugs on driving abilities, as well a lack of empirical evidence about the efficacy of such laws, indicate more research is necessary. Using Louisiana as a case study, this report provides important insight into the state of knowledge about drugged driving, the limitations to current data collection practices, and how to proceed from here. There are two main goals: first, evaluate laws and policies about drugged driving and through a series of interviews with prosecutors, defense attorneys, police, and the public, identify obstacles to zero-tolerance legislation in Louisiana; and second, analyze the frequency of drugged driving in Louisiana and other states where data is publically available to identify ways to improve data collection. Analysis of data from the Louisiana State Crime Lab as well as other available sources provide a preliminary baseline estimate about the frequency and nature of drug-impaired driving in Louisiana. Findings indicate substantial disparities exist among parishes in terms of the number of drug-impaired driving arrests and the quality of evidence submitted for testing, which reflects a lack of standardized procedures and an uneven distribution of resources. This study compares the prior DWI arrests, speeding violations and crashes of drivers who tested positive for various drugs to all other drivers. While there are substantial limitations to the analysis, particularly in sample size and selection, the findings suggest the drivers arrested for drugged driving have higher rates of prior unsafe driving incidents than all other drivers. Survey interviews with the target populations reveal an overall lack of training, resources, and testing capacities in Louisiana, as well as a wide range of concerns about per se laws. This study contributes a clearer understanding of existing data limitations and challenges with which states must contend, and presents a series of recommendations for developing a comprehensive approach to dealing with drug-impaired driving in Louisiana and other states moving forward. Details: Baton Rouge: Highway Safety Research Group, Louisiana State University, 2017. 156p. Source: Internet Resource: Final Report 576: Accessed April 10, 2017 at: https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2017/FR_576.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: https://www.ltrc.lsu.edu/pdf/2017/FR_576.pdf Shelf Number: 144776 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrug-Impaired DrivingDrugged Driving |
Author: Traffic Injury Research Foundation Title: 2016 Annual Ignition Interlock Survey: United States Summary: The Traffic Injury Research Foundation USA, Inc. (TIRF USA) in partnership with the Association of Ignition Interlock Program Administrators (AIIPA) and TIRF in Canada conducted a national survey in 2016 of the number of installed and active ignition interlocks in the United States (U.S.). These data provide a comprehensive picture of interlock installations across the U.S. and are a useful benchmark for state ignition interlock program administrators and the impaired driving community to measure interlock usage and growth in interlock programs on an annual basis. Drunk driving fatalities decreased 51 percent from 1982 to 2015, but it seems progress has been eroded in recent years. According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), there were 1,089,171 DWI arrests in 2015. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported 10,265 alcohol-impaired driving fatalities in 2015 which accounted for 29% of total fatalities. This is a 3.2 percent increase from 2014, compared to an overall increase in fatalities of 7.2 percent (NHTSA 2016). Interlock programs have been proven to reduce impaired driving while the interlock is installed in the vehicle. Furthermore, interlocks are associated with a reduction in DWI deaths of up to 15% (see: Kaufman & Wiebe 2016; Lucas et al. 2016; Vanlaar et al. 2017; McGinty et al. 2017) and reductions in DWI recidivism (McCartt et al. 2013). Increasing program participation is paramount to reduce impaired driving fatalities and injuries. A NHTSA study of 28 state interlock programs revealed that there were eight interlock program components which may increase interlock use (Casanova Powell et al. 2016). The feature that was found to have the highest correlation with increasing interlock use was implementing a strong interlock requirement and/or incentive in legislation or policy. All states and the District of Columbia have some form of interlock law that includes either judicial discretion or an administrative requirement or a hybrid of the two. States are encouraged to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of their interlock programs. As a result, there have been several interlock law changes over the past few years. To illustrate, in 2014, Alabama, Mississippi, and Missouri passed a law requiring all DWI offenders to install an interlock. Indiana also passed legislation requiring ignition interlocks for repeat offenders, and to allow judges to order interlocks for first-time offenders. South Carolina passed Emma's Law, which requires all high-BAC (0.15) offenders to install an interlock. In 2015, Delaware, and Texas passed an all DWI offender law requiring an interlock. In addition, Kentucky strengthened its ignition interlock law which required an interlock for repeat offenders, high-BAC (0.15) first offenders and offenders who refuse a chemical alcohol test. In 2016, Vermont and Washington D.C. passed an all offender interlock law, and Maryland passed "Noah's law", an all offender law with a five-star rating from MADD (MADD 2017). Details: Hamden, CT: TIRF, 2017. 72p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: http://tirf.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TIRF-USA-Annual-Interlock-SurveyReport-19.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://tirf.us/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/TIRF-USA-Annual-Interlock-SurveyReport-19.pdf Shelf Number: 146101 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesAlcohol Law EnforcementAlcohol-Impaired DrivingDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramTraffic Safety |
Author: Wilson, Hollie Title: Reducing recidivism by first time drink driving offenders Summary: This research provides a detailed description of first time drink driving offenders at the time of their court appearance and at follow-up to examine the factors leading to subsequent drink driving. To develop models for behavioural change a novel theoretical application of the Health Action Process Approach was used to determine what enables some offenders to avoid future drink driving. Utilising self-report and official offence records in the follow-up of offenders enabled an in depth exploration of first offender characteristics and drink driving behaviour. The research demonstrates that first offenders are not a homogenous group in terms of their characteristics or the circumstances of the offence and will be used to develop tailored countermeasures for first offenders including online intervention programs. Details: Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety Queensland (CARRS-Q), 2015. 462p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 2, 2017 at: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82215/1/Hollie_Wilson_Thesis.pdf Year: 2015 Country: Australia URL: https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82215/1/Hollie_Wilson_Thesis.pdf Shelf Number: 147959 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence Driving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving Recidivism |
Author: Lucke, Roy E. Title: Illinois Secretary of State Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device (BAIID): program evaluation and final report Summary: This report evaluates the effectiveness of the Illinois Breath Alcohol Ignition Interlock Device (BAIID) pilot program. This pilot program was initiated in June of 1994 and is still in effect. The primary focus of the study is the comparison of a control group (no interlock device) to a group who used the BAIID. Participants in the study were all multiple DUI offenders who have been granted limited driving relief through a Restricted Driving Permit (RDP) before potential reinstatement of full driving privileges. The report contains five chapters: - Chapter 1 introduces the report and provides some background information; - Chapter 2 contains a review of the literature; - Chapter 3 describes the Illinois BAIID program; - Chapter 4 contains the results of the evaluation; and - Chapter 5 summarizes recommendations arising from the evaluation. This report is based on two earlier documents. The first was completed by Etzkorn and Martin1 and was intended as a preliminary report on the effectiveness of the BAIID devices. Information in this report relating to the origins of the BAIID program and operations of the pilot program are based on that report. A discussion comparing findings of that preliminary evaluation and the current evaluation can be found in Chapter 4. A companion to this report was completed by Lucke, Wark, and Raub under the same contract that funded this study. Its purpose was to provide guidance to the Secretary of State on ending the pilot phase of the BAIID program, making the Illinois program compliant with federal guidelines, reviewing similar programs in other states, and providing options for the future of the Illinois BAIID program. The literature review from that report was updated for this study. Details: Evanston, IL: Northwestern University, Center for Public Safety, 2001. 2 vols. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 12, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/library/scp/pdf/232-Raub.pdf Year: 2001 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/library/scp/pdf/232-Raub.pdf Shelf Number: 149423 Keywords: Alcohol Ignition InterlocksAlcohol Law EnforcementDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock Program |
Author: Traffic Injury Research Foundation Title: Impaired Driving Priorities: A Criminal Justice Perspective Summary: The U.S. Federal "Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users," commonly referred to as "SAFETEA-LU" governs federal transportation surface spending and encompasses a broad range of critical transportation issues, including road safety. Impaired driving is a key focus of the safety aspect of this bill. Initiatives in this area are essential in reducing deaths and injuries. The pending re-authorization of this bill, expected to occur in 2010, has become the focus of much debate, lobbying, and negotiation, as agencies with a vested interest in impaired driving are engaged in the process of determining what safety priorities and activities should be included in and supported by the bill. In light of the challenging financial climate in the U.S., it is imperative that the bill contain a strategic emphasis on those policies, programs, and initiatives that will have the greatest impact. It is critical that government officials consider the views of experienced practitioners who work on the frontlines of the DWI system everyday as part of the re-authorization discussions. The Working Group on DWI System Improvements, a coalition of 14 criminal justice organizations, has developed a list of top recommendations for offender-based initiatives that are needed to reduce the impaired driving problem. Recommendation #1: Improve the quality and quantity of data and data collection to support research initiatives and decision-making. Good quality data are essential to understanding the magnitude, characteristics, and trends of the impaired driving problem. It is needed to both guide and drive the research process and to set priorities. Gaps in available data impede decision-making and the development of impaired driving policies, sanctions, and interventions. These gaps must be identified and addressed to achieve new gains in reducing the problem. Overcoming such limitations can enable researchers and practitioners to identify priorities that require further research, and increase understanding of the dynamics of the problem in order to pinpoint ways to increase the effectiveness of strategies to address it. Recommendation #2: Discover answers to key research questions. Key research questions require answers to improve understanding of the scope of the DWI offender problem, particularly in relation to special sub-populations of the problem. Answers will support the development of effective and targeted intervention strategies and guide the application of these interventions in both urban and rural jurisdictions. This research is needed not only to ensure that funding is commensurate with the magnitude of the problem and the ability of practitioners to address it, but also to ensure that programs are cost beneficial. Recommendation #3: Expand programs that work and discontinue those that do not. An important strategy to increase effectiveness in reducing impaired driving is to identify and encourage the implementation of programs and strategies that research has shown to be effective and to discontinue programs and strategies that have not demonstrated positive results. Jurisdictions must invest resources in initiatives that maximize benefits and improve outcomes. Jurisdictions cannot afford to waste scarce resources on programs and strategies that have little or no impact. Failing to evaluate programs can result in the superfluous spending of resources that fails to achieve positive gains, and ongoing investment in programs that do not produce results. Recommendation #4: Establish effective practices and principles for the implementation and delivery of impaired driving strategies. To achieve the benefits and effectiveness shown through research, practices that work are needed to guide program implementation and delivery. Programs often fail as a result of inappropriate or inadequate resource allocation, a lack of training among practitioners, poor communication and coordination across agencies, and unmanageable workloads. In order to improve the way that programs and interventions are implemented, practitioners need more information regarding guiding principles and effective practices. This can save practitioners considerable time, energy and resources. Recommendation #5: Enhance training and education for practitioners regarding effective impaired driving strategies. The proven benefits associated with various interventions, programs, and policies reported in research studies will not be realized unless the research is translated into practice. Too often, practitioners are not aware of the findings from evaluation research or the benefits of various programs and interventions; even in those cases where they are aware of the program/intervention and its benefits they are often uncertain about the details regarding its implementation and delivery. There is, therefore, a need for training to ensure that effective programs/interventions are adopted and delivered appropriately. Recommendation #6: Increase funding to support agency personnel. Successful implementation of interventions and/or programs requires an increase in personnel to support such initiatives. At the same time, staff needs proper training and education so they can adequately meet the demands of their respective roles in relation to implementation. Without sufficient staff or resources to handle increasing responsibilities and workloads it is unlikely that the implementation of the intervention or program will deliver improved outcomes. Too often, personnel are taken for granted when they make some of the greatest contributions to the system. Personnel who deal with insufficient resources, inadequate training, and immense caseloads often suffer "burnout" which contributes to high rates of staff turnover. Recommendation #7: Make DWI a priority across the justice system. Significant progress in reducing impaired driving has stalled. While reductions in traffic fatalities in general have occurred, there has been little significant change regarding alcoholrelated fatalities. At the same time, funding allocated to address this issue has stagnated. This has important implications for agencies within the criminal justice field. Resources have diminished but caseloads and workloads have not. Accordingly, efforts must re-direct the attention of politicians, policymakers, and administrators towards the importance of impaired driving as a pressing social problem in need of continued funding due to the immense costs that this problem has for the justice system. Impaired driving needs to be moved up the list of priorities for the public, politicians, and agencies. Recommendation #8: Enhance measures of system effectiveness. To increase the reliability and validity of findings and develop more accurate determinations of "success", a consistent working definition of recidivism must be created. However, recidivism should not be the sole measure of success. Other potential indicators include the successful completion of treatment, family stability, employment, drinking behavior, reductions in impaired driving crashes and fatalities, improved physical health, educational achievements, and reduced reliance on community resources. Agencies and practitioners should also be consistent in the application of any measures used to determine whether reductions in impaired driving are achieved. Recommendation #9: Improve communication and cooperation across all levels of the system. Across the justice system and agencies, communication and cooperation are necessary components for effectively addressing the impaired driving problem. As a result of the silo mentality, agencies are often unaware of how their policies and practices contribute to successful or failed outcomes at other levels of the system. By working beyond agency borders, practitioners can form partnerships that can lead to increased funding, improved training, and new/improved strategies and approaches for addressing the impaired driving problem.Recommendation #10: Make screening and treatment available at all phases of the system. The treatment of DWI offenders for assessed alcohol use disorders is a critical element in reducing recidivism. There is a growing recognition that appropriate treatment is a necessary component of the DWI system. Treatment is designed to lessen and prevent negative consequences associated with substance abuse (e.g., impaired driving) and to provide support to the offender during relapses. Given the limited resources that are available for and the extensive costs associated with treatment, offenders who do not need or will not benefit from treatment should be screened out. Conclusions The ten recommendations contained in this report have been identified by justice professionals as essential to reducing impaired driving among drunk driving offenders in the future. These recommendations are designed to improve the availability and quality of research, to improve the ability of practitioners to put research into practice through the efficient and effective delivery of programs, and to develop new initiatives that will improve the DWI system as a whole. Increases in dialogue, education and training, and the formation of collaborative partnerships are common themes throughout each of the sections in this report. Researchers, practitioners, and policymakers have a joint responsibility to work together in an effort to reduce the occurrence of impaired driving-related injuries, fatalities, and social costs. The pending re-authorization of the U.S. Federal "Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users," in 2010, is an opportunity for practitioners and policymakers to push for the inclusion of impaired driving as a priority issue. Details: Ottawa: TIRF, 2009. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 20, 2019 at: http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DWI_2008_Impaired_Driving_Priorities_web.pdf Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/DWI_2008_Impaired_Driving_Priorities_web.pdf Shelf Number: 118606 Keywords: Driving Under the Influence Driving While Intoxicated Drunk Driving |
Author: Grondel, Darrin T. Title: Marijuana Use, Alcohol Use, and Driving in Washington State: Emerging Issues With Poly-Drug Use on Washington Roadways Summary: This report provides select updated fatal crash information originally presented in Washington Traffic Safety Commission's report Driver Toxicology Testing and the Involvement of Marijuana in Fatal Crashes, 2010-20141 (October 2015). Since that report was published, poly-drug drivers involved in fatal crashes have increased significantly and is described more thoroughly in the present report. For the first time, this report also includes compilations of analyses of Washington's Roadside Self-Report Marijuana Survey, and questions from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance and Healthy Youth Surveys. The following is a summary of key observations from these various data sources. - Driver impairment due to alcohol and/or drugs is the number one contributing factor in Washington fatal crashes and is involved in nearly half of all traffic fatalities. Poly-drug drivers (combinations of alcohol and drugs or multiple drugs) is now the most common type of impairment among drivers in fatal crashes. - Among drivers involved in fatal crashes 2008-2016 who were blood tested for intoxicants, 61 percent were positive for alcohol and/or drugs. - Among drivers in fatal crashes 2008-2016 that tested positive for alcohol or drugs, 44 percent tested positive for two or more substances (poly-drug drivers). The most common substance in poly-drug drivers is alcohol, followed by THC. Alcohol and THC combined is the most common poly-drug combination. - Although research-based estimates of the risks posed by THC have varied greatly, all studies included in this report agree that combining alcohol and THC will only further inflate the level of impairment and crash risk. The deadly consequences of combining these two impairing substances and driving are already apparent in Washington fatal crash data. - For the first time in 2012, poly-drug drivers became the most prevalent type of impaired drivers involved in fatal crashes. Since 2012, the number of poly-drug drivers involved in fatal crashes have increased an average of 15 percent every year. - By 2016, the number of poly-drug drivers were more than double the number of alcohol-only drivers and five times higher than the number of THC-only drivers involved in fatal crashes. - According to the biological results of Washington's Roadside Survey, nearly one in five daytime drivers may be under the influence of marijuana, up from less than one in 10 drivers prior to the implementation of marijuana retail sales. - According to Washington's Roadside Self-Report Marijuana Survey: o 39.1 percent of drivers who have used marijuana in the previous year admit to driving within three hours of marijuana use. This is similar to the results from Washington's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (33.5 percent). o More than half (53 percent) of drivers ages 15-20 believe marijuana use made their driving better. This is a significantly higher rate than drivers ages 21-25 (13.7 percent) and drivers ages 26-35 (17.4 percent). o Among drivers who have used marijuana in the past year, only 36.6 percent believe that it is very likely or likely that marijuana impairs a person's ability to drive safely if used within two hours of driving, compared to 77 percent of drivers who have not used marijuana in the previous year. o 53.5 percent of drivers who have used marijuana in the past year believe it is very likely or likely to be arrested for impaired driving after using marijuana within two hours of driving, versus 70.2 percent of drivers who have not used marijuana in the previous year. - According to Washington's Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance Survey, drivers who admit to driving within three hours of marijuana use in the previous year are also more likely to: o Drive after having perhaps too much to drink (14.5 percent). o Not always wear a seatbelt (15.2 percent). o Binge drink (45.1 percent). - According to Washington's Healthy Youth Survey: o One in four 12th graders, one in six 10th graders, and one in ten 8th graders report riding in a vehicle with a driver who had been using marijuana. o Slightly more than 16 percent of 12th graders and 9 percent of 10th graders who have used marijuana admitted to, at least once, driving a vehicle within three hours of using marijuana. - From 2008-2016, 76 drivers ages 16-18 involved in fatal crashes tested positive for alcohol and/or drugs. One in four of these young drivers were positive for multiple substances (polydrug drivers). - While driving under the influence of alcohol remains a significant issue, the interplay of drugged driving must be equally considered if we are ever to reach our goal of zero fatalities and serious injuries on Washington roadways. This complex issue will require government, non-profit, corporate, and community response to reverse a rapidly increasing trend. Details: Olympia, WA: Washington Traffic Safety Commission, 2018. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed May 3, 2018 at: http://wtsc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2018/04/Marijuana-and-Alcohol-Involvement-in-Fatal-Crashes-in-WA_FINAL.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://wtsc.wa.gov/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2018/04/Marijuana-and-Alcohol-Involvement-in-Fatal-Crashes-in-WA_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 150045 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingTraffic Safety |
Author: Arnold, Lindsay S. Title: Advancing Drugged Driving Data at the State Level: Synthesis of Barriers and Expert Panel Recommendations Summary: The objective of this project is to identify and recommend strategies for improving statelevel data on the nature and extent of drugged driving in the United States by addressing the most significant barriers that impede state efforts to collect and compile such data. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, 2012b) Traffic Records Program Advisory Assessment, states need accurate and reliable traffic records data to understand traffic safety problems, and to select and evaluate countermeasures to address the problems and ultimately improve traffic safety. Inadequate state data on drugged drivers limits understanding the extent and nature of the drugged driving problem, communicating it to the public, and measuring how it changes over time and in response to efforts to reduce it. (Berning & Smither, 2014; NHTSA, 2012a, MMUCC Guideline Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria Fourth Edition DOT HS 811 631; National Transportation Safety Board, 2012a, Reaching Zero: Actions to Eliminate Substance-Impaired Driving Forum Summary.) While drugged driving is receiving increasing national attention, especially as a result of state legalization of marijuana for medical or recreational use, most state data on drugged driving in its current form is of limited use for measuring and tracking drugged driving incidents, evaluating the effects of changing laws regarding drug use and driving, or improving our knowledge about drug use and driving impairment. In addition to the limitations of existing data, the relationship between the presence and levels of drugs in a driver's body and their impairment or crash risk is further complicated by the number of potentially impairing drugs, the complexity of drug metabolism compared to that of alcohol, the variability of effects on individuals, and individuals using more than one drug or combining alcohol and drug use. Unlike with alcohol, drug concentrations do not necessarily relate to impairment, and drugs may be detectable after impairment has subsided. Threshold concentrations for drugs, similar to the 0.08 blood alcohol concentration (BAC), have not been agreed upon, and may not be feasible. (Government Accountability Office, 2015) Drugged driving is commonly defined as driving under the influence of or impaired by drugs other than alcohol. Some states define drugged driving as drug-positive driving, though the drugs included vary by state. For the purpose of this effort, "drugged driving" refers generally to driving with any detectable amount of illegal or potentially impairing amounts of prescription or over-the counter medications in one's system, which includes driving while impaired by any of these drugs. "Drug-impaired driving" describes driving while impaired by a drug or drugs other than or in addition to alcohol, as differentiated from drugged driving, which includes drivers whose impairment is unknown (e.g., roadside survey subjects). Drugged driving data of interest include data on the prevalence of drugged and drug-impaired driving, drug-impaired driving citation and adjudication data, and toxicology data for drivers arrested for driving under the influence of alcohol and/or other drugs and/or involved in serious injury and fatal crashes. The focus of this project is on improving the quality of data related to drugged and drugimpaired driving. Efforts to enforce drugged driving laws generally, and barriers to such efforts, are outside the scope of this project. Improving our understanding of drug use and driving impairment, while important to combating drug-impaired driving and in need of additional research, is also outside the scope of this project. The improved data that would result from implementation of the recommendations in this report, however, should help guide drugged driving enforcement efforts and improve our understanding of drug presence/levels and crash risk. Issues not specific to collection of data on the presence and levels of drugs in drivers, e.g., funding of law enforcement generally, are clearly relevant to improving data on drugged driving and are important to this project, but are not the focus of this project and thus are only briefly mentioned and not discussed at length. Details: Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2016. 31p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 19, 2018 at: https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/AdvancingDruggedDrivingData.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/AdvancingDruggedDrivingData.pdf Shelf Number: 150585 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrug-Impaired DrivingDrugged DrivingTraffic Safety |
Author: Fell, James C. Title: Advancing Drugged Driving Data at the State Level: State-by-State Assessment Summary: There is an urgent need for better data on the drugged driving situation at both the state and national levels as this affects our understanding of the extent of the drugged driving problem and how it is changing over time, of ways of communicating the risks to the general public, and of measuring the effectiveness of efforts to reduce it. In order to address this need for better data, in 2015 the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety conducted a synthesis of scientific literature on barriers that impede state efforts to collect and compile drugged driving data, and existing recommendations aimed at addressing the identified barriers. An expert panel of law enforcement officials, toxicologists and other traffic safety professionals then used that information to formulate recommendations to improve drugged driving data at the state level (Arnold & Scopatz, 2016). Some of the recommendations in that report were at the national level such as authorizing federal funds for roadside surveys and developing national model specifications for oral fluid drug test devices. Twelve recommendations were at the state level to improve drugged driving data, and are addressed in this report. Methodology Based upon legal research and responses to a survey, state laws, policies, and practices were assessed to determine whether and to what degree they align with recommendations aimed at improving drugged driving data. Results State laws, policies, and practices vary across states and substantial progress is still needed. While most law enforcement officers (LEOs) have been trained in the Standardized Field Sobriety Tests, very few have been trained in the "Drugs That Impair Driving" curriculum and the "Advanced Roadside Impaired Driving Enforcement" (ARIDE) course, which is critical. The SFST training was developed for detecting alcohol impairment while the other two courses are for detecting impairment by drugs other than alcohol. At the time of the review, 15 states reported they authorize the collection and testing of oral fluid for alcohol and/or other drugs, and 10 states reported having pilot testing programs. Most states authorize the testing of drivers fatally injured in crashes and surviving drivers only when there is probable cause. Most states also reported they have improved the implementation and utilization of the Drug Evaluation and Classification program. The majority of states do not expressly authorize electronic warrants which reduce delays in collecting specimens from drivers arrested for DUI. Finally, 41 states reported that LEOs report observed behavioral impairment among surviving drivers in fatal crashes. Details: Washington, DC: AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 2018. 190p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 22, 2018 at: http://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NORC-FINAL-REPORT_State-Recommendations-to-Improve-Data-on-Drugged-Drivi....pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://aaafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NORC-FINAL-REPORT_State-Recommendations-to-Improve-Data-on-Drugged-Drivi....pdf Shelf Number: 150639 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrug-Impaired DrivingDrugged DrivingTraffic Safety |
Author: Casanova-Powell, Tara Title: Evaluation of State Ignition Interlock Programs: Interlock Use Analyses From 28 States, 2006-2011 Summary: In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and NHTSA began collaborating on a project to evaluate ignition interlock programs in selected States. The purpose of the evaluation was to provide information and best practices to States for ignition interlock programs. The project was managed by the Governor's Highway Safety Association and conducted by the Preusser Research Group. Research was conducted to determine the following: - How States can increase interlock use among DWI offenders who are required or eligible to install one. - Which changes in ignition interlock programs led to increases in ignition interlock use. - Identify the key features of ignition interlock programs. - Which key program features were related to higher ignition interlock use rates. Details: Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, & Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015. 144p. Source: Internet Resource: DOT HS 812 145: Accessed June 27, 2018 at: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/172626.aspx Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: http://www.trb.org/Main/Blurbs/172626.aspx Shelf Number: 150715 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock DevicesDriving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrunk DrivingIgnition Interlock ProgramRecidivism |
Author: Bui, Becky Title: Driving Under the Influence of Drugs and Alcohol: A Report Pursuant to House Bill 17-1315 Summary: "Driving Under the Influence of Drugs and Alcohol, A Report Pursuant to House Bill 17-1315," tracks Colorado DUI offenses in 2016 from arrest through final court outcome, and also examines data from probation. In 2017, the Colorado legislature passed HB 17-1315 directing the Colorado Division of Criminal Justice within the Department of Public Safety to analyze the types of DUI offenses being committed by offenders and issue an annual report. This is the first annual report issued pursuant to that legislation. The data has a one-year lag in order to allow enough time to follow most cases from their initial filing through final court disposition. Analysts with the Division of Criminal Justice Office of Research and Statistics reviewed more than 27,000 case filings with at least one DUI charge and nearly 100,000 total charges associated with these cases in order to examine data such as: Offender demographics - Toxicology results, including type of impairing substance and amount detected in the breath and/or blood stream - Time elapsed from traffic stop to biological sample Charges, final dispositions, and associated traffic charges - Whether the incident resulted in fatalities or injuries. The publication also provides an overview of Colorado's laws, enforcement and detection methods, court processes, and challenges in regards to data. For example, it's important to note that drug-related impairment is likely under-represented in the data compared to alcohol. This is due to the fact that alcohol is faster, easier and cheaper to screen for than other drugs. Once alcohol is detected, agencies have enough evidence to reliably achieve a conviction. Therefore, agencies have not consistently spent the additional money and time to request blood testing for substances beyond alcohol. Details: Denver: Colorado Division of Criminal Justice, 2018. 106p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2018 at: http://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/docs/reports/2018-DUI_HB17-1315.pdf Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://cdpsdocs.state.co.us/ors/docs/reports/2018-DUI_HB17-1315.pdf Shelf Number: 151106 Keywords: Driving Under the InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingDrunk Driving |
Author: Teoh, Eric R. Title: State alcohol ignition interlock laws and fatal crashes Summary: Background: Alcohol-impaired driving results in thousands of deaths annually. Alcohol ignition interlocks require a negative breath test to start a vehicles engine, and 45 states have mandated some form of interlock law for drivers convicted of driving while intoxicated (DWI). Methods: Differences in three interlock laws were evaluated by comparing alcohol-impaired passenger vehicle drivers involved in fatal crashes between 2001-2014 in the United States across state and time. State/time differences unrelated to interlock laws were controlled for by fitting a Poisson model. The exposure measure was the number of passenger vehicle drivers in fatal crashes that did not involve impaired drivers. Laws requiring interlocks for drivers convicted of DWI covered: repeat offenders, repeat offenders and high-BAC offenders, all offenders, or none. Results: The number of states with all-offender interlock laws during the study period went from three in 2001 to 22 in 2014, and the number of states with any of the three laws increased from 19 to 45. All-offender laws were associated with 16% fewer drivers with 0.08+ BAC involved in fatal crashes, compared with no law. Repeat-offender laws were associated with a nonsignificant 3% reduction in impaired drivers, compared with no law. Repeat and high-BAC laws were associated with an 8% reduction in impaired drivers in fatal crashes, compared with no law. Conclusion: Laws mandating alcohol ignition interlocks, especially those covering all offenders, are an effective impaired driving countermeasure that reduces the number of impaired drivers in fatal crashes. Details: Arlington, VA: Insurance institute for Highway Safety, 20108. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 27, 2018 at: http://www.iihs.org/frontend/iihs/documents/masterfiledocs.ashx?id=2156 Year: 2018 Country: United States URL: http://www.iihs.org/frontend/iihs/documents/masterfiledocs.ashx?id=2156 Shelf Number: 151268 Keywords: Alcohol Interlock Devices Alcohol Law Enforcement Driving Under the Influence Driving While IntoxicatedDrunk Driving |
Author: Traffic Injury Research Foundation Title: Marijuana Use Among Drivers in Canada, 2000-2015 Summary: Public concern about drug-impaired driving in general and marijuana-impaired driving in particular has increased in recent years. Marijuana studies have shown that the psychoactive chemical delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (or THC) enters the user's bloodstream and brain immediately after smoking or consuming marijuana, and has impairing effects. In addition, research on drivers in fatal crashes has shown that THC-positive drivers are more than twice as likely to crash as THC-free drivers (Grondel 2016). There is also evidence from surveys of Canadian drivers suggesting that the prevalence of marijuana use is greater among drivers aged 16 to 19 years than drivers in other age groups (Robertson et al. 2017). With the legalization of recreational marijuana in Canada, continued monitoring of this road safety topic is timely. This fact sheet, sponsored by Desjardins, examines the role of marijuana in collisions involving fatally injured drivers in Canada between 2000 and 2015. Data from TIRF's National Fatality Database were used to prepare this fact sheet which explores trends in the use of marijuana among fatally injured drivers, and the characteristics of these drivers. Other topics that are examined include the presence of different categories of drugs among fatally injured drivers in different age groups as well as comparisons of the presence of marijuana and alcohol among this population of drivers. Details: Ottawa: Traffic Injury Research Foundation, 2018. 6p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 25, 2018 at: http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Marijuana-Use-Among-Drivers-in-Canada-2000-2015-7.pdf Year: 2018 Country: Canada URL: http://tirf.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Marijuana-Use-Among-Drivers-in-Canada-2000-2015-7.pdf Shelf Number: 153029 Keywords: Alcohol Driving Under InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedLegalizationMarijuanaRecreational MarijuanaSubstance UseTraffic AccidentsWeed |
Author: Capler, Rielle Title: Cannabis Use and Driving: Evidence Review Summary: Cannabis is widely used in Canadian society (used by 12% of Canadians in 2011) for both medical and recreational purposes. Recently, the federal government announced its intention to legalize cannabis, with the implementation of new laws expected in early 2018. The federal government's stated intention of the new laws is to mitigate potential risks of cannabis use. A potential risk that is of great concern is driving after using cannabis. Public education pertaining to the use of cannabis and driving must be based upon current research knowledge if it is to be effective and relevant. To this end, we have undertaken a scoping review of available research evidence in order to: 1. Synthesize current research regarding risks associated with cannabis use in the context of driving; 2. Identify research that points to effective strategies for mitigation of this risk. Details: Burnaby, BC: Canadian Drug policy Coalition, Simon Fraser University, 2017. 67p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 3, 2019 at: https://drugpolicy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CDPC_Cannabis-and-Driving_Evidence-Review_FINALV2_March27-2017.pdf Year: 2017 Country: Canada URL: https://drugpolicy.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/CDPC_Cannabis-and-Driving_Evidence-Review_FINALV2_March27-2017.pdf Shelf Number: 155277 Keywords: Driving Under InfluenceDriving While IntoxicatedDrugged DrivingLegalizationMarijuanaRecreational MarijuanaSubstance UseTraffic AccidentsWeed |